R for Data Analysis

# R for Data Analysis
## Strings and Factors
### Ayush Patel
### 29-Jul-2021

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## Find me

[__@ayushbipinpatel__](https://twitter.com/ayushbipinpatel) <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width=5%>   
  
[__@AyushBipinPatel__](https://github.com/AyushBipinPatel) <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBlbmFibGUtYmFja2dyb3VuZD0ibmV3IDAgMCAyNCAyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1MTIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNCAyNCIgd2lkdGg9IjUxMiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJtMTIgLjVjLTYuNjMgMC0xMiA1LjI4LTEyIDExLjc5MiAwIDUuMjExIDMuNDM4IDkuNjMgOC4yMDUgMTEuMTg4LjYuMTExLjgyLS4yNTQuODItLjU2NyAwLS4yOC0uMDEtMS4wMjItLjAxNS0yLjAwNS0zLjMzOC43MTEtNC4wNDItMS41ODItNC4wNDItMS41ODItLjU0Ni0xLjM2MS0xLjMzNS0xLjcyNS0xLjMzNS0xLjcyNS0xLjA4Ny0uNzMxLjA4NC0uNzE2LjA4NC0uNzE2IDEuMjA1LjA4MiAxLjgzOCAxLjIxNSAxLjgzOCAxLjIxNSAxLjA3IDEuODAzIDIuODA5IDEuMjgyIDMuNDk1Ljk4MS4xMDgtLjc2My40MTctMS4yODIuNzYtMS41NzctMi42NjUtLjI5NS01LjQ2Ni0xLjMwOS01LjQ2Ni01LjgyNyAwLTEuMjg3LjQ2NS0yLjMzOSAxLjIzNS0zLjE2NC0uMTM1LS4yOTgtLjU0LTEuNDk3LjEwNS0zLjEyMSAwIDAgMS4wMDUtLjMxNiAzLjMgMS4yMDkuOTYtLjI2MiAxLjk4LS4zOTIgMy0uMzk4IDEuMDIuMDA2IDIuMDQuMTM2IDMgLjM5OCAyLjI4LTEuNTI1IDMuMjg1LTEuMjA5IDMuMjg1LTEuMjA5LjY0NSAxLjYyNC4yNCAyLjgyMy4xMiAzLjEyMS43NjUuODI1IDEuMjMgMS44NzcgMS4yMyAzLjE2NCAwIDQuNTMtMi44MDUgNS41MjctNS40NzUgNS44MTcuNDIuMzU0LjgxIDEuMDc3LjgxIDIuMTgyIDAgMS41NzgtLjAxNSAyLjg0Ni0uMDE1IDMuMjI5IDAgLjMwOS4yMS42NzguODI1LjU2IDQuODAxLTEuNTQ4IDguMjM2LTUuOTcgOC4yMzYtMTEuMTczIDAtNi41MTItNS4zNzMtMTEuNzkyLTEyLTExLjc5MnoiIGZpbGw9IiMyMTIxMjEiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width=5%>
  
  
[__ayushpatel.netlify.app__](https://ayushpatel.netlify.app/) <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width=5%>    
  
  
[__ayush.ap58@gmail.com__](ayush.ap58@gmail.com)<img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width=5%>

]

.small[
Image: [John Biglin in a Single Scull by Thomas Eakins](https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ad/original/57258.jpg)
]

]
---

#  Pre-requisite

understand __different types of objects, how to create objects and assign values to objects__.
<br>

__how to access specific values within an object.__
<br>

know __what a function is and how to use a function.__
<br>

know __basics of data wrangling__
<br>

]

.small[
[Image:  Lake George by John Frederick Kensett ](https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ad/original/DT84.jpg)
]
]
---

# Before we get to it..

<br>

Load the following libraries and data

```r
library(tidyverse)
```

---

# String Manipulation - the essentials

---

# How to create a string

```r
str1 <- "Hello"

str2 <- 'Double and single quote, either works'

str1
```

```
## [1] "Hello"
```

```r
str2
```

```
## [1] "Double and single quote, either works"
```

---

# Basic string operations - length

```r
str1 <- "why is regex so painful?!"

str2 <- c("what", "is","the", "time?")
```

```r
str_length(str1)
```

```
## [1] 25
```

```r
str_length(str2)
```

```
## [1] 4 2 3 5
```

---

# Basic string operations - Combining Strings

```r
str_c("Hi", "Hello")
```

```
## [1] "HiHello"
```

```r
str_c("Hi", "Hello", sep = "|")
```

```
## [1] "Hi|Hello"
```

```r
str_c("Hi", NA, sep = "|") # careful of the Missing values
```

```
## [1] NA
```

```r
str_c("Dr", c("Strange","Banner","Stark"),"is a genius", sep = " ")
```

```
## [1] "Dr Strange is a genius" "Dr Banner is a genius"  "Dr Stark is a genius"
```

---

# Basic string operations - Collapse a vector

```r
str3 <- c("what", "is","the", "time?")

str3
```

```
## [1] "what"  "is"    "the"   "time?"
```

```r
str_c(str3, collapse = "/")
```

```
## [1] "what/is/the/time?"
```

---

# Basic string operations - Subsetting Strings

```r
str_sub("she sells sea shells on the sea shore", 5,15)
```

```
## [1] "sells sea s"
```

```r
str_sub("aaa",1,15)
```

```
## [1] "aaa"
```

---

# Activity 1

Write code to :

+ In the `sentences` object, what is the maximum amd the minimum length.
  + Combine the strings on the 55th and 650th place of the `sentences` object.
  + Subset all the strings in the `sentences` object starting from the center of the string till the end of the string.

---

# Regular expression essentials

---

# The `.`

```r
str_view_all("apple",".")
```

<div id="htmlwidget-5adf4b5a1a314b88cf46" style="width:960px;height:100%;" class="str_view html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-5adf4b5a1a314b88cf46">{"x":{"html":"<ul>\n  <li><span class='match'>a<\/span><span class='match'>p<\/span><span class='match'>p<\/span><span class='match'>l<\/span><span class='match'>e<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---

# The anchors

```r
str_view(c("Atoms","are","the","smallest","building","blocks","of","matter"),"^a|A")
```

<div id="htmlwidget-c202f41bf6b2713544a3" style="width:960px;height:100%;" class="str_view html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-c202f41bf6b2713544a3">{"x":{"html":"<ul>\n  <li><span class='match'>A<\/span>toms<\/li>\n  <li><span class='match'>a<\/span>re<\/li>\n  <li>the<\/li>\n  <li>smallest<\/li>\n  <li>building<\/li>\n  <li>blocks<\/li>\n  <li>of<\/li>\n  <li>matter<\/li>\n<\/ul>"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---

# The anchors

```r
str_view(c("Atoms","are","the","smallest","building","blocks","of","matter"),"(e|f)$")
```

<div id="htmlwidget-d29db85c99e0d5530562" style="width:960px;height:100%;" class="str_view html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-d29db85c99e0d5530562">{"x":{"html":"<ul>\n  <li>Atoms<\/li>\n  <li>ar<span class='match'>e<\/span><\/li>\n  <li>th<span class='match'>e<\/span><\/li>\n  <li>smallest<\/li>\n  <li>building<\/li>\n  <li>blocks<\/li>\n  <li>o<span class='match'>f<\/span><\/li>\n  <li>matter<\/li>\n<\/ul>"},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---

# Activity 2

Use `words` object, create regular expressions that find all words that:

•   Start with “y”.
    •   End with “x”
    •   Are exactly three letters long. (Don’t cheat by using str_length()!)
    •   Have seven letters or more.

???

1) 6

2) 4

3) 110

4) 219

sum(str_detect(words,"x$"),na.rm = T)

sum(str_detect(words,"^..{5,}.$"),na.rm = T)

---

# Working with Categorical variables

---

Why use factors:

+ Easy sorting and arrangement of designed levels
  + Saves you from typos

---

# Creating a factor

```r
str4 <- c("Very good", "Bad", "Very Bad", "Good", "OK")

str4
```

```
## [1] "Very good" "Bad"       "Very Bad"  "Good"      "OK"
```

```r
sort(str4)
```

```
## [1] "Bad"       "Good"      "OK"        "Very Bad"  "Very good"
```

```r
mood_levels <- c("Very good", "Good", "OK", "Bad", "Very Bad")

factor(str4,levels = mood_levels) ->fact1

fact1
```

```
## [1] Very good Bad       Very Bad  Good      OK       
## Levels: Very good Good OK Bad Very Bad
```

```r
sort(fact1)
```

```
## [1] Very good Good      OK        Bad       Very Bad 
## Levels: Very good Good OK Bad Very Bad
```

]

---

## What is the problem with this chart?

```r
levels(gss_cat$rincome)
```

```
##  [1] "No answer"      "Don't know"     "Refused"        "$25000 or more"
##  [5] "$20000 - 24999" "$15000 - 19999" "$10000 - 14999" "$8000 to 9999" 
##  [9] "$7000 to 7999"  "$6000 to 6999"  "$5000 to 5999"  "$4000 to 4999" 
## [13] "$3000 to 3999"  "$1000 to 2999"  "Lt $1000"       "Not applicable"
```

<br>
<br>
]

---

# What looks better? Is more useful?

]

]

---

# What did I do?

```r
tibble(
  ice_cream = factor(c("vanilla",
                       "cookiesCream",
                       "SaltedPeanuts", 
                       "Chocolate",
                       "grages","coconuts")
                     ),
  unit_sale = c(55,22,3,5,1000,52)
) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(ice_cream,
             unit_sale))+
  geom_col()
```

]

```r
tibble(
  ice_cream = factor(c("vanilla","cookiesCream",
                       "SaltedPeanuts", "Chocolate",
                       "grages","coconuts")),
  unit_sale = c(55,22,3,5,80,52)
) %>% 
  mutate(
    ice_cream = fct_reorder(ice_cream,
                            unit_sale)
  ) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(ice_cream,unit_sale))+
  geom_col()
```
]

---

# fct_reorder vs fct_relevel

Eg:

Ice cream flavours

Religions

Colour preference

```
fct_reorder(
factor_you_need_to_reorder,
numerice_var_to_reorder_with
)
```

]

Eg:

Income Groupings

Satisfaction levels

Military Ranks

```
fct_relevel(
factor_you_need_to_relevel,
column_vec_of_principled_order
)
```

]

---
class: center, middle
  
## Further exploration

Go through the [cheat sheet](https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/) of StringR and forcats

---
class: center, middle