R for Data Analysis

# R for Data Analysis
## Handling date and time
### Ayush Patel
### 29-Jul-2021

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## Find me

[__@ayushbipinpatel__](https://twitter.com/ayushbipinpatel) <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width=5%> 
 
[__@AyushBipinPatel__](https://github.com/AyushBipinPatel) <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width=5%>
 
 
[__ayushpatel.netlify.app__](https://ayushpatel.netlify.app/) <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBpZD0iTGF5ZXJfMSIgZW5hYmxlLWJhY2tncm91bmQ9Im5ldyAwIDAgNTEyLjQxOCA1MTIuNDE4IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjUxMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDUxMi40MTggNTEyLjQxOCIgd2lkdGg9IjUxMiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJtNDM3LjMzNSA3NS4wODJjLTEwMC4xLTEwMC4xMDItMjYyLjEzNi0xMDAuMTE4LTM2Mi4yNTIgMC0xMDAuMTAzIDEwMC4xMDItMTAwLjExOCAyNjIuMTM2IDAgMzYyLjI1MyAxMDAuMSAxMDAuMTAyIDI2Mi4xMzYgMTAwLjExNyAzNjIuMjUyIDAgMTAwLjEwMy0xMDAuMTAyIDEwMC4xMTctMjYyLjEzNiAwLTM2Mi4yNTN6bS0xMC43MDYgMzI1LjczOWMtMTEuOTY4LTEwLjcwMi0yNC43Ny0yMC4xNzMtMzguMjY0LTI4LjMzNSA4LjkxOS0zMC44MDkgMTQuMjAzLTY0LjcxMiAxNS40NTItOTkuOTU0aDc1LjMwOWMtMy40MDUgNDcuNTAzLTIxLjY1NyA5Mi4wNjQtNTIuNDk3IDEyOC4yODl6bS0zOTMuMzM4LTEyOC4yODloNzUuMzA5YzEuMjQ5IDM1LjI0MiA2LjUzMyA2OS4xNDUgMTUuNDUyIDk5Ljk1NC0xMy40OTQgOC4xNjItMjYuMjk2IDE3LjYzMy0zOC4yNjQgMjguMzM1LTMwLjg0LTM2LjIyNS00OS4wOTEtODAuNzg2LTUyLjQ5Ny0xMjguMjg5em01Mi40OTgtMTYwLjkzNmMxMS45NjggMTAuNzAyIDI0Ljc3IDIwLjE3MyAzOC4yNjQgMjguMzM1LTguOTE5IDMwLjgwOS0xNC4yMDMgNjQuNzEyLTE1LjQ1MiA5OS45NTRoLTc1LjMxYzMuNDA2LTQ3LjUwMiAyMS42NTctOTIuMDYzIDUyLjQ5OC0xMjguMjg5em0xNTQuMDk3IDMxLjcwOWMtMjYuNjIyLTEuOTA0LTUyLjI5MS04LjQ2MS03Ni4wODgtMTkuMjc4IDEzLjg0LTM1LjYzOSAzOS4zNTQtNzguMzg0IDc2LjA4OC04OC45Nzd6bTAgMzIuNzA4djYzLjg3M2gtOTguNjI1YzEuMTMtMjkuODEyIDUuMzU0LTU4LjQzOSAxMi4zNzktODQuNjMyIDI3LjA0MyAxMS44MjIgNTYuMTI3IDE4Ljg4MiA4Ni4yNDYgMjAuNzU5em0wIDk2LjUxOXY2My44NzNjLTMwLjExOSAxLjg3Ny01OS4yMDMgOC45MzctODYuMjQ2IDIwLjc1OS03LjAyNS0yNi4xOTMtMTEuMjQ5LTU0LjgyLTEyLjM3OS04NC42MzJ6bTAgOTYuNTgxdjEwOC4yNTRjLTM2LjczMi0xMC41OTMtNjIuMjQ2LTUzLjMzMy03Ni4wODgtODguOTc2IDIzLjc5Ny0xMC44MTcgNDkuNDY2LTE3LjM3NCA3Ni4wODgtMTkuMjc4em0zMi42NDYgMGMyNi42MjIgMS45MDQgNTIuMjkxIDguNDYxIDc2LjA4OCAxOS4yNzgtMTMuODQxIDM1LjY0LTM5LjM1NCA3OC4zODMtNzYuMDg4IDg4Ljk3NnptMC0zMi43MDh2LTYzLjg3M2g5OC42MjVjLTEuMTMgMjkuODEyLTUuMzU0IDU4LjQzOS0xMi4zNzkgODQuNjMyLTI3LjA0My0xMS44MjItNTYuMTI3LTE4Ljg4Mi04Ni4yNDYtMjAuNzU5em0wLTk2LjUxOXYtNjMuODczYzMwLjExOS0xLjg3NyA1OS4yMDMtOC45MzcgODYuMjQ2LTIwLjc1OSA3LjAyNSAyNi4xOTMgMTEuMjQ5IDU0LjgyIDEyLjM3OSA4NC42MzJ6bTAtOTYuNTgxdi0xMDguMjU0YzM2LjczNCAxMC41OTMgNjIuMjQ4IDUzLjMzOCA3Ni4wODggODguOTc3LTIzLjc5NyAxMC44MTYtNDkuNDY2IDE3LjM3My03Ni4wODggMTkuMjc3em03My4zMi05MS45NTdjMjAuODk1IDkuMTUgNDAuMzg5IDIxLjU1NyA1Ny44NjQgMzYuOTUxLTguMzE4IDcuMzM0LTE3LjA5NSAxMy45ODQtMjYuMjYgMTkuOTMxLTguMTM5LTIwLjE1Mi0xOC41MzYtMzkuNzM2LTMxLjYwNC01Ni44ODJ6bS0yMTAuODkxIDU2Ljg4MmMtOS4xNjUtNS45NDctMTcuOTQxLTEyLjU5Ny0yNi4yNi0xOS45MzEgMTcuNDc1LTE1LjM5NCAzNi45NjktMjcuODAxIDU3Ljg2NC0zNi45NTEtMTMuMDY4IDE3LjE0OC0yMy40NjUgMzYuNzMyLTMxLjYwNCA1Ni44ODJ6bS4wMDEgMjk1Ljk1OGM4LjEzOCAyMC4xNTEgMTguNTM3IDM5LjczNiAzMS42MDQgNTYuODgyLTIwLjg5NS05LjE1LTQwLjM4OS0yMS41NTctNTcuODY0LTM2Ljk1MSA4LjMxOC03LjMzNCAxNy4wOTUtMTMuOTg0IDI2LjI2LTE5LjkzMXptMjQyLjQ5NCAwYzkuMTY1IDUuOTQ3IDE3Ljk0MiAxMi41OTcgMjYuMjYgMTkuOTMtMTcuNDc1IDE1LjM5NC0zNi45NjkgMjcuODAxLTU3Ljg2NCAzNi45NTEgMTMuMDY3LTE3LjE0NCAyMy40NjUtMzYuNzI5IDMxLjYwNC01Ni44ODF6bTI2LjM2Mi0xNjQuMzAyYy0xLjI0OS0zNS4yNDItNi41MzMtNjkuMTQ2LTE1LjQ1Mi05OS45NTQgMTMuNDk0LTguMTYyIDI2LjI5NS0xNy42MzMgMzguMjY0LTI4LjMzNSAzMC44NCAzNi4yMjUgNDkuMDkxIDgwLjc4NiA1Mi40OTcgMTI4LjI4OXoiLz48L3N2Zz4=" width=5%> 
 
 
[__ayush.ap58@gmail.com__](ayush.ap58@gmail.com)<img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width=5%>

]

.small[
Image: [John Biglin in a Single Scull by Thomas Eakins](https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ad/original/57258.jpg)
]

]
---

#  Pre-requisite

understand __different types of objects, how to create objects and assign values to objects__.

__how to access specific values within an object.__

know __what a function is and how to use a function.__

know __basics of data wrangling__

]

.small[
[Image:  Lake George by John Frederick Kensett ](https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ad/original/DT84.jpg)
]
]
---

# Before we get to it..

Load the following libraries and data

```r
library(tidyverse)
library(nycflights13)
library(lubridate)
```

---

# Why learn about handling date and time

+ This is not as simple as it seems. How may seconds make a minute, how many days make a year??
    + Messes up up calcualtions if you dont pay attention
    + TIMEZONEs
  
Need I say more?!!

---
class:  middle

# The date time

These objects can be of three types:

+  A Date
    +  A Time
    +  A Date-Time
    
.big[Use the format which will get the job done.]

Meaning if you only need date, no need to use data-time.

---

# Creating date/times

```r
ymd("2020-03-23") # what happened on this day?
```

```
## [1] "2020-03-23"
```

```r
mdy("January 26st, 1950")
```

```
## [1] "1950-01-26"
```

```r
dmy("08-Nov-2016") # the horror of this day!!!
```

```
## [1] "2016-11-08"
```

*_hms

*_hm
 
 
 
 
 
 
]

```
## # A tibble: 336,776 x 5
## year month day hour minute
## <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2013 1 1 5 15
## 2 2013 1 1 5 29
## 3 2013 1 1 5 40
## 4 2013 1 1 5 45
## 5 2013 1 1 6 0
## 6 2013 1 1 5 58
## 7 2013 1 1 6 0
## 8 2013 1 1 6 0
## 9 2013 1 1 6 0
## 10 2013 1 1 6 0
## # ... with 336,766 more rows
```

```r
flights %>% 
  select(year, month, day, hour, minute) %>% 
  mutate(departure = make_datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute),
         departure2 = make_date(year, month, day)) %>% 
  select(departure,departure2,everything())
```

```
## # A tibble: 336,776 x 7
## departure departure2 year month day hour minute
## <dttm> <date> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2013-01-01 05:15:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 5 15
## 2 2013-01-01 05:29:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 5 29
## 3 2013-01-01 05:40:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 5 40
## 4 2013-01-01 05:45:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 5 45
## 5 2013-01-01 06:00:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 6 0
## 6 2013-01-01 05:58:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 5 58
## 7 2013-01-01 06:00:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 6 0
## 8 2013-01-01 06:00:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 6 0
## 9 2013-01-01 06:00:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 6 0
## 10 2013-01-01 06:00:00 2013-01-01 2013 1 1 6 0
## # ... with 336,766 more rows
```
 
 
 
 
]

```
## [1] "2021-08-01 UTC"
```

```r
as_date(yesterday)
```

```
## [1] "2021-08-01"
```

]

]
---

# Activity 1

Copy this code, Use lubridate functions to get following dates

```r
d1 <- "January 1, 2010"
d2 <- "2015-Mar-07"
d3 <- "06-Jun-2017"
d4 <- c("August 19 (2015)", "July 1 (2015)")
d5 <- "12/30/14" # Dec 30, 2014
```

---

# Getting components of a date-time

Any of the following:

year
 
 
month
 
 
month and day
 
 
day of the year
 
 
day of the week
 
 
hour
 
 
minutes
 
 
seconds
]
---

```r
datetime <- ymd_hms("2016-07-08 12:34:56")

year(datetime)
```

```
## [1] 2016
```

```r
month(datetime)
```

```
## [1] 7
```

```r
mday(datetime)
```

```
## [1] 8
```

```r
yday(datetime)
```

```
## [1] 190
```

```r
wday(datetime)
```

```
## [1] 6
```
]

---

```r
month(datetime, label = TRUE)
```

```
## [1] Jul
## 12 Levels: Jan < Feb < Mar < Apr < May < Jun < Jul < Aug < Sep < ... < Dec
```

```r
wday(datetime, label = TRUE, abbr = FALSE)
```

```
## [1] Friday
## 7 Levels: Sunday < Monday < Tuesday < Wednesday < Thursday < ... < Saturday
```

---

# Time spans

```
durations, which represent an exact number of seconds.
periods, which represent human units like weeks and months.
intervals, which represent a starting and ending point.
```
.small[from R4ds]
---

## Durations

```r
datedemon <- dmy("08/Nov/2016")

today() - datedemon -> since_demon

as.duration(since_demon)
```

```
## [1] "149212800s (~4.73 years)"
```

---

### Duration Constructors

```r
dseconds(15)
```

```
## [1] "15s"
```

```r
dminutes(10)
```

```
## [1] "600s (~10 minutes)"
```

```r
dhours(c(12, 24))
```

```
## [1] "43200s (~12 hours)" "86400s (~1 days)"
```

```r
ddays(0:5)
```

```
## [1] "0s"                "86400s (~1 days)"  "172800s (~2 days)"
## [4] "259200s (~3 days)" "345600s (~4 days)" "432000s (~5 days)"
```

```r
dweeks(3)
```

```
## [1] "1814400s (~3 weeks)"
```

```r
dyears(1)
```

```
## [1] "31557600s (~1 years)"
```

]
.panel[.panel-name[Allows math operations]

```r
2 * dyears(1)
```

```
## [1] "63115200s (~2 years)"
```

```r
dyears(1) + dweeks(12) + dhours(15)
```

```
## [1] "38869200s (~1.23 years)"
```

BUT, be careful of DST.

]
]
]

---

# Periods

>"Periods are time spans but don’t have a fixed length in seconds, instead they work with “human” times, like days and months."

```r
one_pm <- ymd_hms("2016-03-12 13:00:00", tz = "America/New_York")

one_pm
```

```
## [1] "2016-03-12 13:00:00 EST"
```

```r
one_pm + ddays(1)
```

```
## [1] "2016-03-13 14:00:00 EDT"
```

```r
one_pm + days(1)
```

```
## [1] "2016-03-13 13:00:00 EDT"
```

Periods have constructors just like Durations.
---